EFN

The cause is unknown for prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in men, and in men over 40 years old. Symptoms are due to urinary obstructions and include urinary frequency, difficulty in voiding, and urinary retention. Diagnosis is made by a digital rectal exam, and blood testing for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A biopsy confirms the diagnosis.

Treatment depends on the state of the disease. Estrogen therapy inhibits the production of testosterone and other male hormones. Pills are recommended to be taken one to three times daily.

Surgical removal of the prostate gland, a radical prosatectomy, is also a treatment consideration. During this procedure, the surgeon completely removes the prostate and surrounding lymph nodes, sparing the muscles and nerves that control urination and sexual function.

Radiation therapy supplies enough radiation into the body to kill cancer cells while avoiding damage to healthy tissues. Radiation therapy is usually delivered using one of the two methods: External beam radiation, in which the oncologist uses a machine to direct high-energy x-rays at the cancer, or brachytherapy, which involves placing radioactive sources inside the body.

Chemotherapy is the last resort, where it is given in cycles, followed by a recovery period. The entire treatment usually lasts up to six months in duration.